Le contenu est difficilement compréhensible vu les erreurs de traduction, qui sont peut-être dues à l'utilisation d'un logiciel de traduction automatique. Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066. Helgason A, Sigurethardottir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Bosnes V, Gulcher JR, Ward R, Stefansson K. 2000. However, no rise in population, youth bulge, or decline in agricultural production during this period has been definitively demonstrated. À la suite de cela, de plus grandes armées ont commencé à arriver sur les côtes britanniques, avec l'intention de conquérir des terres et d'y construire des colonies[21]. [74] Over the following thirty years, Brian Boru subdued the Viking territories and made himself High King of Ireland. This treaty made of Rollo the first Norman Count of Rouen. Two such treasures have been found in Wieringen. [a][43], Most of the English kingdoms, being in turmoil, could not stand against the Vikings, but King Alfred of Wessex defeated Guthrum's army at the Battle of Edington in 878. The raids started in June of 793 CE when three ships approached the shore by the abbey of Lindisfarne, off the northeast coast of England. The assault on Lindisfarne attacked the sacred heart of the Northumbrian kingdom, where Cuthbert (d. 687) had been bishop, and where his body was revered as that of a saint. Longer lasting and more established Norse settlements were formed in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Ireland and Normandy. Pour se venger, Eadred menaça de détruire la Northumbrie. Ce ne sera qu'au cours des siècles suivants que les identités nationales se développeront en groupes nationaux tels que les Danois, les Suédois et les Norvégiens[9]. For example, Worm's Head is from Old Norse: ormr, the word for snake or dragon, as the Vikings believed that the serpent-shaped island was a sleeping dragon. Discutez des points à améliorer en page de discussion ou modifiez l'article. Flóki settled for one winter at Barðaströnd. [42][43] Then in 876, Halfdan shared out Northumbrian land amongst his men, who "ploughed the land and supported themselves", founding the territory later known as the Danelaw. Sur le continent, des Vikings venus du Danemark occupent l'archipel de la Frise, au nord des Pays-Bas actuels, à la fin du IXe siècle. Il s'ensuivit en 1016 une autre invasion par le roi danois Knut, le fils de Sven[29]. Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Norse explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries. [84], Our knowledge of Vikings in Iberia is mainly based on written accounts, many of which are much later than the events they purport to describe, and often also ambiguous about the origins or ethnicity of the raiders they mention. Il est probable qu'il y eut d'autres raids peu de temps après, car en 792, le roi Offa de Mercie commença à prendre des dispositions pour la défense du Kent contre les raids perpétrés par des peuples païens ». Invasion ist die zweite Folge der zweiten Staffel von Vikings. Les dirigeants anglo-saxons payèrent des sommes importantes, les Danegelds, aux Vikings qui venaient principalement du Danemark et de la Suède dans les années 990 et dans les premières décennies du XIe siècle. The early Viking raids were carried out by Norwegians. 2005. The Greenland colony gradually faded away. Depuis les invasions du roi carolingien, Pépin le Bref, les Francs ont eu du mal à contenir les Bretons. Entre un demi-million et un million de personnes vivaient en Angleterre à cette époque. No further serious Danish invasions of England occurred after this. The inability of the Frankish king Charles the Bald, and later Charles the Simple, to prevent these Viking incursions forced them to offer vast payments of silver and gold to prevent any further pillage. [30] The earliest recorded planned Viking raid, on 6 January 793,[31] targeted the monastery on the island of Lindisfarne, off the north-east coast of Northumbria. 985 when he was blown off course sailing to Greenland from Iceland. Ces raids auraient constitués le premier contact avec le christianisme pour de nombreux Scandinaves. [34] The Vikings met with stronger resistance than they had expected: their leaders were killed. In addition, Rollo was to be baptized and marry Gisele, the illegitimate daughter of Charles. Ces soixante-douze dernières années, des raids éclairs de Vikings en provenance de Norvège et du Danemark ont terrorisé les côtes anglaises. [72], These Viking territories became part of the patchwork of kingdoms in Ireland. [67] Viking chief Thorgest is said to have raided the whole midlands of Ireland until he was killed by Máel Sechnaill I in 845. The neighboring Gower Peninsula has some place names of Norse origin. Come and govern us and reign over us."[107]). Disagreement is partly due to method of classification; previous archaeology often guessed biological sex from burial artifacts, whereas modern archaeology may use osteology to find biological sex, and isotope analysis to find origin (DNA sampling is usually not possible). [83] In some of their raids on Iberia, the Vikings were crushed either by the Kingdom of Asturias or the Emirate armies. Thomas W, Fullan A, Loeb DB, McClelland EE, Bacon BR, Wolff RK (1998). Later historians refer to Cnut the Great as one of the most effective rulers of the Viking Age – or even any age – for his l… [95], Three or four eleventh-century Swedish Runestones mention Italy, memorialising warriors who died in 'Langbarðaland', the Old Norse name for southern Italy (Longobardia). Dans la dernière décennie du VIIIe siècle, les pillards nordiques ont attaqué une série de monastères chrétiens dans les îles Britanniques. From here they travelled great distances, mainly by sea and river – as far as North America to the west, Russia to the east, Lapland to the north and the Mediterranean World (Constantinople) and Iraq (Baghdad) to the south. [90], The period from 859 to 861 saw another spate of Viking raids, apparently by a single group. Indeed, one of the only detailed accounts of a Viking burial come from Ibn-Fadlan's account. L'armée a ensuite lancé une série continue d'attaques contre le Wessex. He then sailed along the coast until the pillars were found in the southwestern peninsula, now known as Reykjanesskagi. Remains of Viking attacks dating from 880 to 890 have been found in Zutphen and Deventer. First recorded Viking raids. Swedish researchers recently suggested that the story in the Georgian chronicle was about the Swedish expedition by the Viking chieftain Ingvar den Vittfarne (Ingvar the Far-Traveled), which features in many rune stones in mid-Sweden. In 853, Viking leader Amlaíb (Olaf) became the first king of Dublin. [89], They then proceeded south, raiding Lisbon and Seville. Cependant, cela en faisait des cibles isolées et non protégées[12] pour des attaques. Les langues des Bretons insulaires (approximativement l'Angleterre actuelle) et des Gaëls (approximativement l'Irlande et l'Ecosse actuelles) sont issues des langues celtiques parlées par les habitants de l'âge du fer en Europe. Place names such as Skokholm, Skomer, and Swansea remain as evidence of the Norse settlement. [96] Varangians may first have been deployed as mercenaries in Italy against the Arabs as early as 936. [53] Harold Godwinson himself died when the Norman William the Conqueror defeated the English army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. Les armées nordiques ont capturé York, l'une des deux grandes villes de l'Angleterre anglo-saxonne, en 866[21]. The Vikings' homeland was Scandinavia: modern Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Le gouvernement anglais décida de leur verser de l'argent afin d'éviter les massacres (10 000 £ en 991). Y-chromosome haplotypes serve as markers of paternal lineage much the same as mDNA represents the maternal lineage. [25][26] The males buried during that period in a cemetery on the Isle of Man had mainly names of Norse origin, while the females there had names of indigenous origin. En outre, de nombreuses régions de l'est et du nord de l'Angleterre - y compris une majorité du Royaume de Northumbrie - sont tombées sous la domination directe des chefs vikings ou de leurs rois fantoches. The Vikings also took advantage of the civil wars which ravaged the Duchy of Aquitaine in the early years of Charles' reign. Il devient Roi d'Angleterre. Le roi viking de Northumbrie, Halfdan Ragnarrson (vieil anglais: Healfdene ) - l'un des chefs de la grande armée viking, connue des anglo-saxons comme la grande armée païenne - a néanmoins dû rendre ses terres face à une deuxième vague d'envahisseurs vikings en 876 . Sven pris alors le trône. Ce monastère a de nouveau été attaqué en 802 puis en 806, date à laquelle 68 personnes périrent. [110][111] The land was at best marginal for Norse pastoral farming. Les pièces de monnaie provenaient d'un large éventail de royaumes différents (Wessex, Mercie et de l'East Anglia, trouvés aux côtés de ceux de Francia et du monde arabe). After raids on both northern Iberia and Al-Andalus, one of which in 859 resulted in the capture and exorbitant ransom of king García Íñiguez of Pamplona,[91] the Vikings seem also to have raided other Mediterranean targets – possibly but not certainly including Italy, Alexandria, and Constantinople−and perhaps over-wintering in Francia. La société étant rigoureusement hiérarchisée avec un système de classe comprenant, au sommet, un roi et ses officiers, sous lesquels se trouvaient les barons ou les propriétaires terriens, puis on trouvait les différentes catégories de travailleurs agricoles et à la base, les esclaves qui représentaient peut-être jusqu'à un quart de la population. Pendant environ soixante-dix ans, les Vikings assaillent les côtes de la Manche et les rives de la Seine. Genetic evidence contradicts the common perception that Vikings were primarily pillagers and raiders. It is present in 35% of males in Norway, Denmark and Sweden; 40% of males within Western Finland. To the west, Vikings under Leif Erikson, the heir to Erik the Red, reached North America and set up a short-lived settlement in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada. Quand au sud de l'Angleterre, Le premier raid Viking majeur a eu lieu en 835 et a été dirigé contre l' île de Sheppey[15]. [37] In 871, the Great Heathen Army was reinforced by another Danish force known as the Great Summer Army led by Guthrum. Coming from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, Vikings struck repeatedly along the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland from … The Vikings settled coastal areas along the Baltic Sea, and along inland rivers in Russian territories such as Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod and along major waterways to the Byzantine Empire. [105] The Viking presence continued through the reign of the Danish prince Cnut the Great (reigned as King of England: 1016–1035), after which a series of inheritance arguments weakened the hold on power of Cnut's heirs. Genetic techniques indicate that this mutation occurred roughly 60–70 generations ago or between 600 and 800 CE, assuming a generation length of 20 years. Elles ne sont comparables en nombre qu'aux quelque 30 pierres runiques grecques [17] ainsi qu' aux 26 pierres runiques Ingvar, qui, elles, se réfèrent à une expédition Viking au Moyen-Orient. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 5 décembre 2020 à 18:42. Orkneyinga Saga, Anderson, Joseph, (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1873), FHL microfilm 253063., pp. This army appeared in East Anglia in 865. [2][3][4][5] The concept was expressed in the 11th century by historian Dudo of Saint-Quentin in his semi-imaginary History of The Normans. Vikings intermarried with the Irish and adopted elements of Irish culture, becoming the Norse-Gaels. [66] Their attacks became bigger and reached further inland, striking larger monastic settlements such as Armagh, Clonmacnoise, Glendalough, Kells and Kildare, and also plundering the ancient tombs of Brú na Bóinne. A look at the entire history of Viking interaction with England, from the first famous raid on Lindisfarne in AD. [94], Around 860, Ermentarius of Noirmoutier and the Annals of St-Bertin provide contemporary evidence for Vikings based in Frankia proceeding to Iberia and thence to Italy. Er regiert als Jarl mit Aslaug an seiner Seite, mit der er eine neue Familie gegründet hat. It is also possible that a decline in the profitability of old trade routes drove the Vikings to seek out new, more profitable ones. As king of England, he retained the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. Wales was not colonized by the Vikings as significantly as eastern England. Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland. Les Anglo-saxons pourront lever des renforts dans les comtés majeurs qu’ils contrôlent, tandis que les Vikings devront attendre l’arrivée de nouvelles armées d’invasion. There is much debate among historians about what drove the Viking expansion. En raison de la rareté de l'écriture en picte, tout ce qui reste se trouve à Ogham. Après avoir vaincu les forces anglo-saxonnes lors de la bataille d'Assandun, Knut est devenu roi d'Angleterre, régnant par la suite sur les royaumes danois et anglais. Together, these two methods provide an option for tracing back a people's genetic history and charting the historical migrations of both males and females. Raids were conducted from bases established in Asselt, Walcheren, Wieringen and Elterberg (or Eltenberg, a small hill near Elten). Son travail consistait à identifier tous les marchands étrangers entrant dans le royaume. [115] The Vikings referred to them as the Skræling ("barbarians" or ""puny, weaklings"). In the course of the 9th century the Danes joined in, beginning with a series of attacks on the east coast of England in 835. However, after capturing York, Sweyn accepted a payment from William to desert Edgar. [97], Later, several Anglo-Danish and Norwegian nobles participated in the Norman conquest of southern Italy. Plus d'infos. Ces populations ont ainsi développé des liens commerciaux avec de nombreuses régions d'Europe, obtenant de grandes quantités d'or à la fin du Ve siècle, dont la plupart ont été retrouvées en Suède et, dans une moindre mesure, en Norvège[1]. "Haplotype analysis of hemochromatosis: evaluation of different linkage-disequilibrium approaches and evolution of disease chromosomes". Cependant, sous le règne de son fils Edward le Martyr, assassiné en 978, puis Æthelred The Unready, la monarchie anglaise s'est affaiblie, et, en 980, les raids vikings de Scandinavie ont repris. En 886, le traité de Wedmore, fut signé entre le Wessex et les Scandinaves qui contrôlaient l'East Anglia. [69] The Vikings were driven from Dublin in 902. La société scandinave du VIIIe siècle, contrairement à certaines parties des îles Britanniques, n'était pas encore alphabétisée et vivait à l'âge du fer. La même année Guillaume le Conquérant prend l’Angleterre après la victoire D’Hasting. However, many bishops chose to exercise this office from afar. La gaélicisation aurait pu avoir lieu avant l'âge viking ou peut-être au cours de celle-ci, lorsque la région a été colonisée par des nordiques-gaëlliques (Norse-Gaels) qui pratiquaient leur propre culture. Viking players either play as Norsemen Viking freeman or as the fearless Viking shock troops known as Berserkers. Their main export was walrus ivory, which was traded for iron and other goods which could not be produced locally. Le premier récit que nous connaissons d'un raid Viking dans Angleterre anglo-saxonne remonte à 787, lorsque trois navires de Hordaland ont accosté sur l' île de Portland sur la côte sud du Wessex. Summer. In 878: Vikings – Invasions of England, players control the invading Vikings or the English nobles who are trying to withstand the invasion. Vikings may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. The Duchy of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo after he had besieged Paris. Nonetheless, the Bretons allied with the Vikings and Robert, the margrave of Neustria, (a march created for defence against the Vikings sailing up the Loire), and Ranulf of Aquitaine died in the Battle of Brissarthe in 865. Smith K. 1995. presaging that of Charles the Simple and the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte by which the Vikings were settled in Rouen, creating Normandy as a bulwark against other Vikings. Viking raids of the Low Countries continued for over a century. In the following 250 years at the Danes, continued their raids, but at the same time, they turned from violent pirates to fellow chrisitans. [54] Although, some raiding occurred during the troubles of Stephen's reign, when King Eystein II of Norway took advantage of the civil war to plunder the east coast of England, sacking Hartlepool and Whitby in 1152, as well as raiding the Yorkshire coast. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that heathen men (the Danes) raided Charmouth, Dorset in 833 AD, then in 997 AD they destroyed the Dartmoor town of Lydford, and from 1001 AD to 1003 AD they occupied the old Roman city of Exeter. Antwerp was raided in 836. 789 : Premier raid viking en Angleterre. [121][122] This maternal haplotype, however, was found in several Icelandic samples. PLoS One 2:e829. Certains d'entre eux peuvent avoir été déposés par des Anglo-Saxons tentant de cacher leur richesse aux vikings, et d'autres par les vikings eux-mêmes. Studies of genetic diversity have provided scientific confirmation to accompany archaeological evidence of Viking expansion. [98][99] Edgar the Ætheling, who left England in 1086, went there,[100] Jarl Erling Skakke won his nickname after a battle against Arabs in Sicily. The English name for the town derives from Old Norse: Sveinsey, meaning either Sweyn's island or Sweyn's inlet (see Swansea). Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland", p.20. This culminated in the French confiscation of Gascony that precipitated what became known as the Hundred Years' War, in 1337.[80]. Shetland and Orkney were the last of these to be incorporated into Scotland in as late as 1468. [37] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described this force as the mycel hæþen here (Great Heathen Army) and went on to say that it was led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson. The settlers arrived during a warm phase, when short-season crops such as rye and barley could be grown. Key examples in the saga literature are Sigurðr Jórsalafari (king of Norway 1103–1130) and Røgnvaldr kali Kolsson (d. The Vikings were a Scandinavian people who had left their home lands in search of new lands starting in the 8th century. "Franques Royal Annals" cited in Peter Sawyer. In Dutch and Frisian historical tradition, the trading centre of Dorestad declined after Viking raids from 834 to 863; however, since no convincing Viking archaeological evidence has been found at the site (as of 2007[update]), doubts about this have grown in recent years. [103], Evidence for Norse ventures into Arabia and Central Asia can be found in runestones erected in Scandinavia by the relatives of fallen Viking adventurers. [71] During the next eight years, the Vikings won decisive battles against the Irish, regained control of Dublin, and founded settlements at Waterford, Wexford, Cork and Limerick, which became Ireland's first large towns. The first recorded Viking raids in England occurred. [68] Over the following decades, there was regular warfare between the Vikings and the Irish, and between two groups of Vikings: the Dubgaill and Finngaill (dark and fair foreigners). [citation needed] The Viking expansion opened new trade routes in Arab and Frankish lands, and took control of trade markets previously dominated by the Frisians after the Franks destroyed the Frisian fleet. [126] Due to the timing of the mutation and subsequent population movements, C282Y is very prominent in Great Britain, Normandy, and Southern Scandinavia although C282Y has been found in almost every population that has been in contact with the Vikings. Il établissait une frontière entre les deux royaumes. [119] It is also prominent on the Baltic and North Sea coasts, but decreases further south. "Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings". As the years wore on, the climate shifted (see Little Ice Age). However, the Cornish remained semi-autonomous until their annexation into England after the Norman Conquest.[64]. Iceland was first settled around 870. [106] At times this trading relationship would break down into violence – Rus' armadas raided in the Caspian on at least three occasions, in 910, 912 and 943.[105]. In 911, Rollo entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The kings of England made claim to Normandy, as well as their other possessions in France, which led to various disputes with the French. William was crowned king of England on 25 December 1066; however, it was several years before he was able to bring the kingdom under his complete control. PLoS Genet 5:e1000343. [117][118] Iceland also holds one of the more well-documented lineage records which, in many cases, go back 15 generations and at least 300 years. Viking power resurged in the 980's, followed by the conquest in the second decade of the 11th century that made Norwegian King Cnut ruler of England, and in 1066 the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada invaded England but was defeated at Stamford Bridge by Anglo-Saxon King Harold, who was in turn beaten at Hastings by William the Conqueror, a Norman (the Normans were descendants of the Vikings … In the siege of Asselt in 882, the Franks sieged a Viking camp at Asselt in Frisia. It would be the first of many encounters over the next couple hundred years as more regular Cependant, certains trésors vikings ne contiennent pas de pièces de monnaie : ceux retrouvés à Bowes Moor, Durham, avaient 19 lingots d'argent, tandis qu'à Orton Scar, dans le comté de Cumbria, un collier en argent et une broche pénannulaire ont été découverts[20]. A later duke, Sancho Mitarra, even settled some at the mouth of the Adour near Bayonne in an act[which?] Le détail des points à revoir est peut-être précisé sur la page de discussion. During the 13th century, the population may have reached as high as 5,000, divided between the two main settlements of Eystribygð (Eastern Settlement) and Vestribygð (Western Settlement). On pense que sa sœur, Gunhilde, aurait pu être parmi les victimes, ce qui l'aurait incité à attaquer l'Angleterre l'année suivante au cours de laquelle Exeter fut incendiée et les comtés de Hampshire, du Wiltshire, de Wilton et de Salisbury furent également attaqués.
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