[369] Backlash against the Rastas grew after a practitioner of the religion allegedly killed a woman in 1957. [247] The different components of the music are regarded as displaying different symbolism; the bassline symbolises blows against Babylon, while the lighter beats denote hope for the future. [352] According to Soumahoro, Rastafari "emerged from the socio-political ferment inaugurated by Marcus Garvey",[64] while for Cashmore, Garvey was the "most important" precursor of Rastafari. [406] Rastas avoid centralised and hierarchical structures because they do not want to replicate the structures of Babylon and because their religion's ultra-individualistic ethos places emphasis on inner divinity. [265], From the beginning of the Rastafari movement in the 1930s, adherents typically grew beards and tall hair, perhaps in imitation of Haile Selassie. [114] Rastas perceive the exile of the black African diaspora in Babylon as an experience of great suffering,[116] with the term "suffering" having a significant place in Rasta discourse. [75] Some perceive him as part of a Trinity, alongside God as Creator and the Holy Spirit, the latter referred to as "the Breath within the temple". [403] In 1995, the Rastafari Centralization Organization was established in Jamaica as an attempt to organise the Rastafari community. [285] Red, gold, and green were used in the Ethiopian flag, while, prior to the development of Rastafari, the Jamaican black nationalist activist Marcus Garvey had used red, green, and black as the colours for the Pan-African flag representing his United Negro Improvement Association. In Kumina, cannabis was smoked during religious ceremonies in the belief that it facilitated possession by ancestral spirits. [250] During the 1960s, ska was a popular musical style in Jamaica, and although its protests against social and political conditions were mild, it gave early expression to Rasta socio-political ideology. [323] For instance, many reggae musicians who do not adhere to the Rastafari religion wear their hair in dreads. [213] In meeting together with like-minded individuals, reasoning helps Rastas to reassure one another of the correctness of their beliefs. [192] Women often work, sometimes while the man raises the children at home. [483], By the early 1990s, a Rasta community existed in Nairobi, Kenya, whose approach to the religion was informed both by reggae and by traditional Kikuyu religion. These are the sources and citations used to research Rastafari in Japan. [205], The term "grounding" is used among Rastas to refer to the establishment of relationships between like-minded practitioners. [362] Upon his release he returned to Pinnacle, but the police continued with their raids and shut down the community in 1954; Howell himself was committed to a mental hospital. It was influenced by both Ethiopianism and the Back-to-Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures such as Marcus Garvey. [434] Men dominate Rastafari. [46] Homosexual Rastas probably conceal their sexual orientation because of these attitudes. [224] Cannabis is usually smoked during groundings,[193] although some practitioners also smoke it informally in other contexts. [128], Rastafari is a millenarian movement,[133] for it espouses the idea that the present age will come to an apocalyptic end. [181], As it existed in Jamaica, Rastafari did not promote monogamy. [328] In various countries, Rastas have since won legal battles ensuring their right to wear dreadlocks: in 2020, for instance, the High Court of Malawi ruled that all public schools must allow their students to wear dreadlocks. [361] Police feared that Howell was training his followers for an armed rebellion and were angered that it was producing cannabis for sale. [382] Among those attracted to Rastafari in this decade were middle-class intellectuals like Leahcim Semaj, who called for the religious community to place greater emphasis on scholarly social theory as a method of achieving change. [465] Although Fidel Castro's Marxist–Leninist government generally discouraged foreign influences, Rastafari was introduced to Cuba alongside reggae in the 1970s. [76] Rastas who view Haile Selassie as Jesus argue that both were descendants from the royal line of the Biblical king David,[60] while Rastas also emphasise the fact that the Makonnen dynasty, of which Haile Selassie was a member, claimed descent from the Biblical figures Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. [332], Rastafari owed much to intellectual frameworks arising in the 19th and early 20th centuries,[333] with Edmonds stating that it emerged from "the convergence of several religious, cultural, and intellectual streams". [110] Practitioners believe that Westerners and Babylon have detached themselves from nature through technological development and thus have become debilitated, slothful, and decadent. [317] Some Rastas have also joined the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Christian organisation to which Haile Selassie belonged, and these individuals are forbidden from putting their hair in dreadlocks by the Church. [165] It espouses patriarchal principles,[166] including the idea that women should submit to male leadership. [285], Rastas seek to produce food "naturally",[152] eating what they call ital, or "natural" food. [275] The use of this language helps Rastas distinguish and separate themselves from non-Rastas,[276] for whom—according to Barrett—Rasta rhetoric can be "meaningless babbling". Garvey knew of the Rastas but his view of them, according to the scholar Barry Chevannes, "bordered on scorn". [225] Some Rastas smoke it almost all of the time, something other practitioners regard as excessive. [456] Jamaica's Rastas were initially entirely from the Afro-Jamaican majority,[457] and although Afro-Jamaicans are still the majority, Rastafari has also gained members from the island's Chinese, Indian, Afro-Chinese, Afro-Jewish, mulatto, and white minorities. Life and Jah are one in the same. [205] The number of participants can range from a handful to several hundred. [371] Later that year they tried again in Spanish Town. [238], In many countries—including Jamaica[239]—cannabis is illegal and by using it, Rastas protest the rules and regulations of Babylon. [173], Rasta women usually wear clothing that covers their head and hides their body contours. [483] There were also conflicts with local Ethiopians, who largely regarded the incoming Rastas, and their Ethiopia-born children, as foreigners. ~Isaiah 6:3 For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea. Jah was manifested on earth as Jesus, who Rastas believe was black, and Emperor Haile Selassie. The movement developed after several Protestant Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, proclaimed that Haile Selassie's crowning as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a Biblical prophecy. [42] Michael Barnett observed that its theology is "essentially Judeo-Christian", representing "an Afrocentralized blend of Christianity and Judaism". Lij is translated as "child" and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble blood. Integral to the basic Rastafari world-view is that Jah, as the Messiah or Christ, was incarnated again, this time as the Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari). [488], During the 1950s and 1960s, Rastas were among the thousands of Caribbean migrants who settled in the United Kingdom,[489] leading to small groups appearing in areas of London such as Brixton[490] and Notting Hill in the 1950s. [455] The majority were male, working-class, former Christians aged between 18 and 40. [305] Instead they utilise herbal medicine for healing, especially teas and poultices, with cannabis often used as an ingredient. [447] Practitioners thus often regard themselves as the "enlightened ones" who have "seen the light". [12] Many Rastas nevertheless reject descriptions of Rastafari as a religion, instead referring to it as a "way of life",[13] a "philosophy",[14] or a "spirituality". [201] Rastas typically see the growing acceptance of birth control and homosexuality in Western society as evidence of the degeneration of Babylon as it approaches its apocalyptic end. [144] Another Rasta view is that those who are righteous will undergo reincarnation,[145] with an individual's identity remaining throughout each of their incarnations. [273] Rastas seek to avoid language that contributes to servility, self-degradation, and the objectification of the person. [179] Rasta men are permitted to wear whatever they choose. [72] It remains headquartered in Kingston, although it has followers outside Jamaica;[431] the group was responsible for establishing the Rasta community in Shashamane, Ethiopia. Tafari Makonen was the birth name of Haile Selassie I, which was changed upon his coronation on 2 November 1930, and ‘Ras’ was … [219] The assembly usually lasts between three and seven days. [297] Rasta dietary practices have been ridiculed by non-Rastas; in Ghana for example, where food traditionally includes a high meat content, the Rastas' emphasis on vegetable produce has led to the joke that they "eat like sheep and goats". People work so hard to have nothing in the end. [464] Various Rastas were involved in Grenada's 1979 New Jewel Movement and were given positions in the Grenadine government until it was overthrown and replaced following the U.S. invasion of 1983. [137] This is conceived as being a millennium of peace, justice, and happiness in which the righteous shall live in Africa, now a paradise. [424] The group divides its members into twelve groups according to which Hebrew calendar month they were born in; each month is associated with a particular colour, body part, and mental function. Ethiopianism, Back to Africa, and Marcus Garvey, Haile Selassie and the early Rastas: 1930–1949, International spread and decline: 1970–present, Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy, the existence of a distinctly black African race, references to same-sex sexual activity in the Bible, Imperial Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated Political Party, thousands of Caribbean migrants who settled in the United Kingdom, "Now Decriminalized, Could Jamaica Become Destination for Legal Weed? [71] Understandings of how Haile Selassie relates to Jesus vary among Rastas. [342], Also spreading throughout Africa was Ethiopianism, a movement that accorded special status to the east African nation of Ethiopia because it was mentioned in various Biblical passages. [326] Dreadlocks remain socially stigmatised in many societies; in Ghana for example, they are often associated with the homeless and mentally ill, with such associations of marginality extending onto Ghanaian Rastas. [158] The increasing militancy of some Rastas resulted in growing alarm about the religion in Jamaica. [40], Rastafari is deeply influenced by Judeo-Christian religion,[41] and shares many commonalities with Christianity. [161] The Rasta tendency to believe that socio-political change is inevitable opens the religion up to the criticism from the political left that it encourages adherents to do little or nothing to alter the status quo. [354] According to Chevannes, Garvey would have regarded the Rastas' belief in the divinity of Haile Selassie as blasphemy. [226] However, not all Rastas use ganja;[227] abstainers explain that they have already achieved a higher level of consciousness and thus do not require it. [150], Rastafari promotes the idea of "living naturally",[151] in accordance with what Rastas regard as nature's laws. [78] Members of the Twelve Tribes of Israel denomination, for instance, reject the idea that Selassie was the Second Coming, arguing that this event has yet to occur. [64] Many Rastas take the view that the God worshipped by most white Christians is actually the Devil,[65] and a recurring claim among Rastas is that the Pope is Satan or the Antichrist. [28], The term "Rastafari" derives from "Ras Tafari Makonnen", the pre-regnal title of Haile Selassie, a former Ethiopian emperor who plays a major role in Rasta belief. In 1960 he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the government. [182] Rasta men are permitted multiple female sex partners,[183] while women are expected to reserve their sexual activity for one male partner. [427] Membership is open to individuals of any racial background. [214], — Opening passage of a common Rasta prayer[214], The largest groundings were known as "groundations" or "grounations" in the 1950s, although they were subsequently re-termed "Nyabinghi Issemblies". [86] The 1974 overthrow of Haile Selassie by the military Derg and his subsequent death in 1975 resulted in a crisis of faith for many practitioners. [247], As Rastafari developed, popular music became its chief communicative medium. [449], Some Rastas have left the religion. [422] He proclaimed himself the reincarnation of the Old Testament prophet Gad and his followers call him "Prophet Gad", "Brother Gad", or "Gadman".
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